璧,古玉器名。也有用琉璃制的。扁圆形,正中有孔。璧是古代汉民族用于祭祀的玉质环状物,凡半径是空半径的三倍的环状玉器称为璧。《尔雅》云:“肉倍好谓之璧,好倍肉谓之瑗,肉好若一谓之环。”。所谓肉是指边,好是指孔。实际上这一比例仅仅是理想的,实际出土的玉器很少合乎这一比例。璧,古代的一种器物名,一般为玉制,也有用琉璃制的。璧的形状通常呈扁圆形,中心有一圆孔,但也有出廓璧,即在圆形轮廓外雕有龙形或其他形状的钮。通常在矿石山上开采出来。
《说文》中释璧:“瑞玉,圆器也。”邢禹疏:“肉,边也,好,孔也,边大倍于孔者名璧。”这里把璧的形制讲得十分清楚,“肉”是指周围的边,“好”是指当中的孔,边为孔径的两倍便是璧。这一比例实际上仅仅是理想的,实际出土的玉器很少符合这一比例的。与此器近似的还有玉瑗,玉环,三者的名称由中心的圆孔大小来决定,大孔者为瑗,小孔者为璧。孔径与玉质部分边沿相等者为环。明陈继儒《大司马节寰袁公(袁可立)家庙记》:“鼎彝俅,迎神圭璧收。”
玉璧最早出现于新石器时代晚期。在商周时期,玉璧除了用以装饰佩戴、祭祀天地、丧葬装殓、财富象征之外,还可作为礼仪用器。《礼记·曲礼上》写到:“礼尚往来,往而不来,非礼也,来而不往,亦非礼也。”商周时期,人们常用玉璧作为人际交往的礼器。《周礼·春官·大宗伯》记载:“以玉作六瑞,以等邦国。王执镇圭,公执桓圭,候执信圭,伯执躬圭,子执谷璧,男执蒲璧。”
谷纹因形似谷物萌发芽叶而得名,是战国时期最常见的装饰纹饰之一。谷纹的出现与农耕文明的发展有关,蕴含着古时人们对万物复苏、五谷丰登的美好祈望。
璧分大璧、谷璧、蒲璧。大璧径长一尺二寸,天子礼天之器。诸侯享天子者亦用之。礼天须用苍色,盖璧形圆,象天苍,象天之色。谷璧子所执,饰谷纹,取养人之义。薄璧男所执,瑑饰为蒲形,蒲为席,取安人之义。三者统称为“拱璧”,因皆须两手拱执。另有一种系璧,形较小,为佩于绅带之物。
玉璧用途很复杂,一般认为大致可分以下几类:一为祭器和礼器,常出现在重要的国家祭祀大典中,用作祭天、祭神、祭山、祭海、祭星、祭河等,例如《周礼·春官·大宗伯》记载:“以玉作六器,以礼天地四方:以苍璧礼天,以黄琮礼地,以青圭礼东方,以赤璋礼南方,以白琥礼西方,以玄璜礼北方”。 二为国事中礼仪馈赠。三作佩系,也作不同身份的标志,《说文》释:“石之次玉者以为系璧”,《周礼》有“子执古璧”、“男执蒲璧”的记载。以璧为佩饰主要自战国至汉代盛行。四作砝码用的衡。五作辟邪和防尸腐用,常作为古代帝王随葬品,例如已发掘的汉代大墓中都有众多的璧出土,常放在死者胸部和背部,有的放在棺椁之间,甚至还嵌在馆的表面作装饰用。
玉璧的纹饰随着时代不同而有变化。商代璧多饰弦纹。春秋战国至汉代,玉璧为云纹、谷纹、蒲纹,间或有螭纹。唐、宋、元以后出现了凹雕螭纹、乳丁纹、兽面纹、花鸟纹装饰的玉璧。玉璧中应引起重视的是素璧、谷纹璧、蒲纹璧。[2]
素璧最早出现于新石器时代,最引人注目的有两个出土地。一是良渚文化遗址,有的墓葬中一次竟出土20厘米以上的玉璧十件以上,二是四川广汉地区早期文化遗址,出土更多更大的璧,最大的竟超过70厘米,厚度达5厘米,形如石盘。商代也有素璧,素璧在当时主要用于礼器。
谷璧、蒲璧使用一直延续到明清时代。不过出现了一面以谷纹或蒲纹、云雷纹、席地纹装饰,一面饰花、鸟、鱼、虫、龙、凤、八卦、吉祥物等图案。谷璧上镌刻有成排的密集小乳丁,乳丁上雕成旋涡状如同谷牙,取其谷可养生之意。蒲璧指带有极浅的六角形格子纹的璧,取蒲能织席可以安人之意。这两种璧多是战国和汉代的,一般为几厘米到十几厘米,超过二十厘米的不多见。从存世或出土的实物看,宝光四溢,做工极精良。在战国时期这类玉璧已被奉为珍宝,作为佩玉或抵押品、赏赐品、镶嵌用品、礼仪用品及馈赠用品。
龙纹、鸟纹、凤鸟纹蒲璧见之于汉代,璧的表面用同心圆绳纹分为两区,多达三区。外区饰龙纹或凤鸟纹,内区饰蒲纹,三区内饰兽面纹。这种汉代璧一般用水玉制成,分厚薄两种,直径一般较大,大的有超过40厘米,但厚的并不多见。龙纹蒲璧在汉代墓葬中发现很多,往往成组成组置于棺上,应为汉代葬玉之属。
至于谈到玉璧的用途,也是众说纷纭,莫衷一是,有的认为它是祭祀天地的礼器,《周礼·春官》云:“以苍璧礼天,以黄琮礼地。”有的认为它是古代权力的标志和等级制度的象征。另外还璧、琮、圭、璋、璜、琥等称之为“六瑞”和“六器”,这些都是史书上的说法;有的认为它是一种装饰品,因为它的制作精致,美观大方,适宜人们佩饰,这也有一定道理;再有的认为它是陪葬品,因为在许多古代墓葬里出土过大量玉璧,如1982年江苏草鞋山198号墓前和武进县寺墩墓葬的第三号墓里出土了100多件器物,其中绝大部分是玉器,璧琮就占有五、六十件之多,同时在《周礼·春官》里也有“驵圭、璋、璧、琮、琥璜之渠眉,疏璧琮以敛尸”的记载,充分说明古人以玉器敛尸的事实。除此之外还有的认为,璧还有一种特殊的用途,即作为一种信物,传达某一种特殊的信息。《荀子·大略》载:“问士以璧,召人以瑗,绝人以玦,反绝以环。”说的是古时进行国事访问时,用璧表达相见之礼,在各国交往时,也往往用璧作为瑞信,既表示祝贺吉祥,同时又是一种凭信。
Archaic Jade Collections 2017
2018年3月10日星期六
2017年9月13日星期三
Red agate beads; Liao Dynasty (AD907–1125)
Liao Dynasty was a regime founded by an ethnic minority called the Qidan (Khitan) who lived in the northeast areas of China. In 916, a Qidan man named Yelu Abaoji established the Qidan Kingdom. Initially, the kingdom was under the slavery system. Till 947, the title of the kingdom was officially changed into Liao, with Balin Left Banner (in current Inner Mongolia) as its capital city. Its territory mainly covered the northern part of China, with the estuary of the Amur River in the northeast, the middle part of Mongolia in the northwest, Tianjin and Hebei Province in the south.
Solid Nephrite Jade Bear; Han Dynasty(206 BC–220 AD)
People of the Han Dynasty worshipped the bear, a unique cultural phenomenon of that dynasty. Many cute bears with auspicious images can be found on the jade objects, pottery, lacquerwork, bronze equipment, sculptures and bronze mirrors of the the Han Dynasty.
There is a long history behind the use of the bear as a totem. It was said that the Chinese myth of “Shan Hai ching,” which was deeply loved and praised by Lu Xun, a famous Chinese writer, was written for the Chu people of the Warring States Period. The story begins with a high mountain, called the Bear Mountain. There were many caves in the mountain, where bears lived and the immortals always went there to play with bears. In the summer, the doors of the caves were open, while in winter, the doors of the caves were closed. If the doors of the caves were open in the winter, turmoil and disaster would occur. Therefore, there was some relation between the bear and divinity that could decide the wealth or woe of the common people.
Although it was a myth, people in ancient times believed it, and the bear totem commanded great respect at that time.
The people of the the Han Dynasty continued the folk customs of the Chu dynasty. Therefore, it is certain that the people of the the Han Dynasty loved and respected the bear. Many cultural relics of the the Han Dynasty excavated from tombs like Zeng Hongji and Ma Wangdui involved images of bears. Most of the artistic works delineated a bear’s shape extremely vividly and nicely.
There is a long history behind the use of the bear as a totem. It was said that the Chinese myth of “Shan Hai ching,” which was deeply loved and praised by Lu Xun, a famous Chinese writer, was written for the Chu people of the Warring States Period. The story begins with a high mountain, called the Bear Mountain. There were many caves in the mountain, where bears lived and the immortals always went there to play with bears. In the summer, the doors of the caves were open, while in winter, the doors of the caves were closed. If the doors of the caves were open in the winter, turmoil and disaster would occur. Therefore, there was some relation between the bear and divinity that could decide the wealth or woe of the common people.
Although it was a myth, people in ancient times believed it, and the bear totem commanded great respect at that time.
The people of the the Han Dynasty continued the folk customs of the Chu dynasty. Therefore, it is certain that the people of the the Han Dynasty loved and respected the bear. Many cultural relics of the the Han Dynasty excavated from tombs like Zeng Hongji and Ma Wangdui involved images of bears. Most of the artistic works delineated a bear’s shape extremely vividly and nicely.
2017年9月12日星期二
Diffusive Markings on Ancient Chinese Jade
Diffusive markings are the phenomena caused by the incremental penetration of exterior chemicals after the impact of heat and pressue conditions of the underground evironment. Different levels of condensed of colors are seen in the jade artifacts and the marking itself should not be mistaken as raw jade skin.
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玉得五色沁 胜过十万金 - 战国玉璧
璧,古玉器名。也有用琉璃制的。扁圆形,正中有孔。璧是古代汉民族用于祭祀的玉质环状物,凡半径是空半径的三倍的环状玉器称为璧。《尔雅》云:“肉倍好谓之璧,好倍肉谓之瑗,肉好若一谓之环。”。所谓肉是指边,好是指孔。实际上这一比例仅仅是理想的,实际出土的玉器很少合乎这一比例。璧,古代的一...
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Diffusive markings are the phenomena caused by the incremental penetration of exterior chemicals after the impact of heat and pressue condit...
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People of the Han Dynasty worshipped the bear, a unique cultural phenomenon of that dynasty. Many cute bears with auspicious images can be f...